These 30 Products Must Be Made From Pixie Dust Because These Transformations Are Pure Magic
1. A Bissell multipurpose portable cleaner capable of handling all the messes life throws at you, from the spilled coffee stain on your car seat to the mark your potty-training pup left on your new rug. It’s portable and has a large tank, which = more cleans in between refills. It’s like watching a spell unfold, turning that mess into a memory.
Each cleaner comes with a trial size of Bissell’s Spot & Stain Formula, which is also available on Amazon for $12.99!
Check out a TikTok of the Bissell cleaner in action.
Promising review: “I saw this on TikTok, and our toddler has turned our apartment into such a dirty place. Stains everywhere! Our sofa was in such bad condition (we only got it two years ago) that we were thinking of getting a new one. We decided to try this, and it is a miracle worker. I’m so glad we bought this. It’s worth every penny!” —shahzad mahmood
Get it from Amazon for $123.59.
2. A pair of reusable silicone nipple covers so you don’t have to live out your own version of Janet Jackson’s Super Bowl wardrobe malfunction. These little lifesavers are the perfect companion for bra-free days, offering ultra-discreet coverage that’s totally waterproof.
Promising review: “You know when your life gets better after you purchase a specific product? Well, this is that product. With this Texas summer weather approaching, wearing a bra is like sticking your breasts in a straitjacket! I slapped these bad boys on today and went braless in a white tank top! I’m a happy woman!” —Amazon Customer
Get a pair from Amazon for $26.50+ (available in two sizes, two styles, and five shades).
3. A bottle of Paula’s Choice salicylic acid liquid exfoliant useful for clearing out pores and evening your skin’s texture and tone. It’s gentle enough to use daily, unlike those other gritty face scrubs that feel like you’re sandblasting your skin.
Promising reviews: “I received a small sample of this with a perfume purchase at Sephora. When I first tried it, I was skeptical but the next day I noticed how soft, smooth, and clean my face felt. I used the sample up and hopped on Amazon to buy more! I have very sensitive skin and this doesn’t dry me out, burn, or leave me feeling oily or sticky. I have naturally dry skin, so hydration can be a struggle for me. This makes my skin feel so soft and hydrated! The scent, however, is not good. I wish they would work on the smell but otherwise, I can’t wait to try their other products!” —Tina M McKenna
“All salicylic acid products have the same percentage so I was skeptical of the hype for this one but it works really well. It’s saved my bikini line from razor bumps!” —sally
Get it from Amazon for $13+ (available in three sizes).
4. A pack of food spikes acting as tiny garden elves working hard to keep your green babies well-fed for up to two months straight! Now you can sit back, relax, and enjoy the lush greenery without worrying about checking soil nutrients and fertilizing every few weeks.
For best results, replace spikes every 30 days in spring and summer; replace every 60 days in winter and fall.
Promising review: “I swear by these plant food spikes!!! The package says they are for indoor plants, but I actually use them for all of my outdoor plants, especially my herbs. I first tried these after planting some basil and other herbs that seemed to be taking an eternity to grow. I figured I’d give them a try since they were so inexpensive and wow!!!!! Within just a few days, my plants had grown more than double what they had grown in the previous several weeks!! One of my friends (who also enjoys gardening) came over to my house and was in awe of how big and healthy all of my herbs were. When I told her about these spikes, she went straight from my house to purchase some and had the exact same growth results.” —GatorDO17
Get a two-pack with 48 spikes each from Amazon for $12.99.
Check out our deep dive on the Miracle Grow plant food spikes for more info.
5. A set of fast-acting cleaning K-Cups because there’s a reason your coffee has been tasting a little *off* lately: You just need to clean your Keurig. Just pop the pod in and brew like you’re making a normal cup of coffee and watch all the gunk come out that you didn’t know was in there. No need to buy a new machine. 🙌🏽
Promising review: “I bought this product because the needle in my Keurig 2.0 keeps clogging, causing inconsistent brew and taste. These cleaning cups fixed both of my issues, and I especially liked that it was really quick and easy to use. I put the cleaning pod in and ran one cycle, then took the pod out and ran a rinse cycle to clean out any leftover grinds. FAST, EASY, and GREAT results… VERY HAPPY!!” —Corey West
Get a pack of six from Amazon for $9.95 (also available in packs of 12 and 16).
6. A reviewer-beloved veggie chopper that’ll help you fly through making dinner because (in my opinion) prepping your fresh ingredients is the most time-consuming part. This handy gadget allows you to chop, slice, and julienne your veggies in record time. This chopper also features a built-in storage container to prevent messy countertops.
Promising review: “This made my life so much better with chopping onions and other veggies! It’s so quick and easy. One tip is to make sure you cut your veggie small enough so that it’s easy to push down the handle. Big chunks are a little harder to chop. Please be careful with cleaning; the blades are super sharp.” —Tasha
Get it from Amazon for $22.99+ (available in four colors and four sizes).
7. A Briotech spray with magical powers rivaling that of the pricier Tower 28 spray. Packed with the same key ingredient, hypochlorous acid, this little gem can be your go-to whenever your skin feels like it’s on the brink of a meltdown. Just a quick spritz, and it’ll get to work soothing inflammation, calming angry red patches, and fortifying your skin’s barrier like a protective spell.
BTW, people also love this for helping heal piercings.
Promising review: “What is this sorcery? Okay, so I’m not gonna lie. I thought all of the before and after pics were fake, but I was desperate so I bought this stuff anyway. I had been dealing with an irritation bump for almost three months that I couldn’t get rid of, so I did some research and tried a variety of home remedies, none of which worked. Then I stumbled upon the Briotech spray and saw the before and after pictures and wanted soooo badly to believe them. I also didn’t want to get my hopes up, so I wrote them off as fake. I bought this stuff anyway (again, I was desperate) and I’m SO glad I did. I bought it on Sept. 5 and my bump (which was huge and awful) was completely gone on Sept. 25. I’m still in shock that it worked, but i’m so happy it did. Buy this! Stick with it and I promise you won’t regret it!” —iamericadelaney
Get an 8-ounce bottle from Amazon for $14.10 (available in four sizes and in packs of two and four).
8. A set of brush scrubber drill attachments, which attach to your drill to do all the hard scrubbing for you, saving your elbow grease for something else — like popping open a bottle of wine after a long day’s work of cleaning.
Drill Brush is a small business founded by a car wash owner, Anthony LaPolla, who had carpal tunnel and needed a way to clean rims without the strain of hand scrubbing. Tony started selling the design in 2007 and has since expanded the product line to include varying stiffnesses (each marked by a different color) to handle all sorts of cleaning tasks.
The set includes three brush head attachments: a flat 2-inch detail brush, a flat 4-inch brush for large surfaces, and a rounded brush for corners.
Promising review: “Sometimes, it’s the simple things that really make a big improvement in your life, and this is one of them. I devoted an evening to cleaning my bathroom, and WOW, does the drill brush make it easy! This is by far one of the best purchases I’ve made for the money.” —Anon
Get it from Amazon for $18.95 (available in various brush stiffnesses).
9. A variety pack of light-dimming stickers made to cover those overly bright LED lights on your appliances and power strips. No more squinting or shielding your eyes when you’re trying to relax in a dimly lit room — or trying to sleep in blissful darkness!
10. O’Keeffe’s Lip Repair from the wizards behind the legendary Working Hand and Healthy Feet creams — so powerful that it can turn dry, cracking, chapped lips into the softest, most kissable version of themselves overnight. Reviewers rave about its almost supernatural ability to heal and repair like nothing else on the market.
Promising review: “When I travel, my lips get so chapped! It’s painful. I found this product when I searched for something for extremely chapped lips. I’ve used other O’Keeffe’s products so I trusted the brand. I used this as directed in the morning and before bed and my lips healed up faster than ever. Also, on the next trip I went on, I took it with me and used it daily. My lips stayed healthy and didn’t get chapped at all. This stuff is magic and I won’t go anywhere without it now.” —Anna C. Adams
Get it from Amazon for $7.29.
11. A powerful callus remover with results so good, the pictures speak for themselves. It’s like a spa pedicure in a bottle! Just apply the gel and let it sit for 5–10 minutes, then follow up with a foot scrubber.
Promising review: “I don’t think I have EVER left an Amazon review in all the years I’ve been a member. I have always had rough heels since I was a kid. Grew up in south Florida and was always outside barefoot. I get pedicures regularly and I have NEVER had my feet left as soft as this! I soaked my feet it warm water for 10 minutes, (didn’t dry them) put this on for about 5 minutes, then used the foot cheese grater on it and OMG! I couldn’t believe it! Smooth as a baby’s butt! I put Aquaphor and socks on afterwards. So amazing that I ordered my daughter one. This is better than what they use in salons. You won’t regret buying this.” –Amazon Customer
Get it from Amazon for $14.99 (also available as a two-pack).
12. A grout pen for brightening up that dingy bathroom floor, kitchen backsplash, or any tiled area in your home that’s become so grimy you can’t even remember what color the grout used to be. It’s easy to use (just brush it over the grout like you’re coloring) and far cheaper than professional regrouting. With a little time and patience, you’ll be amazed at how much fresher and cleaner your space looks!
BuzzFeed Shopping editor Jenae Sitzes says: “I’ve used this before on my own kitchen tile, which had gross dark grout that stuck out like a sore thumb every time I walked in there. It takes a bit of time and patience since you have to go slow, but the instructions are very straightforward, and if you accidentally get some outside of the lines, you can just wipe it off. The end results are well worth it — the entire area looks newer and cleaner.”
Promising review: “I just bought my first house, and because of COVID I have not had the funds I wanted to fix it up. This was cheap, and the backsplash in my new kitchen was an eyesore. I wasn’t expecting much because of the price, and I am absolutely stunned. My kitchen looks so much better! It was easy to use, no odor, and quick! I did two coats because the color was dark brown. Some places I did more, but I didn’t mind doing it because it was actually really satisfying. Definitely recommend this product!” —Kim
Get it from Amazon for $8.99+ (also available with a wide tip).
13. An affordable prescription-strength Differin retinoid gel that “normalizes” skin cell turnover and targets acne’s two main culprits: clogged pores and inflammation. It’s like having a fairy godmother for your face, ensuring breakouts get the boot, inflammation is tackled head-on, and future acne? Consider it vanished before it can even say “hello.”
Promising reviews: “Look I don’t know what kind of magical potion is in this little bottle but I’ve used it approximately four times in the past week and my skin is GLOWING. My pores are suddenly nonexistent and my blackheads have shrunk. This stuff is amazing. Also it’s really moisturizing and not as irritating as other retinoids I have used in the past. The bottle is smaller than I was expecting but it is worth every penny. Great stuff. 11/10.” —Demi
“This stuff actually works. I work in a spa and I’ve tried dozens of different products that cost five times the price to try to clear up my acn- prone skin and NOTHING has worked as well as Differin gel. One of my esthetician coworkers recommended it to me and dang if she wasn’t right. It will dry out your skin pretty badly so make sure you have and use a good moisturizer but my skin cleared up in less than two weeks and I’m still amazed.” —Rin Wisell
Get it from Amazon for $11.49+ (available in four sizes).
14. A manual flossing toothbrush with special bristles to clean in between your teeth and get out all those popcorn kernels and sesame seeds from your everything bagel, leaving you feeling like you just left the dentist. And if you have sensitive teeth, no worries, because reviewers say these bristles are super soft.
Mouthwatchers is a small business established by Ronald Plotka, DDS, that specializes in antimicrobial toothbrushes designed to get deeper cleans even patients with “great” dental hygiene might miss with traditional brush and floss routines.
BuzzFeed Shopping writer Emma Lord loves these: “I use an electric toothbrush usually, but I feel like I’m getting a much more satisfying clean from these?? Especially because I tend to get yellow stains between my teeth no matter *how* much I floss, and these bristles seem to actually target that a lot more effectively.”
Promising review: “I absolutely love this toothbrush!! TikTok made me buy it and I will never own anything else again. My teeth feel clean all day long like I went to the dentist but better. I even have a sonic toothbrush and this blows it out of the water. Don’t hesitate…buy this for your teeth!” —Amy
Get a pack of two from Amazon for $9.90.
15. A patented ChomChom pet hair remover that works so well to remove pet hair, it’ll make you say, “Oh yeah, my couch was that color!” Unlike a normal lint roller, the ChomChom doesn’t contain sticky adhesive, which means it can be used over and over again.
ChomChom Roller is a Massachusetts-based small biz creating an eco-friendly, reusable alternative to sticky lint rollers.
Promising review: “This thing does exactly what it says it does. It has made my life so much better, and I feel like I’m actually making progress in picking up the cat hair instead of just moving it from one place to another. I love it. The door that opens to throw away the picked-up hair needs to be more stable. I feel like it could break easily, so I’m very careful with it. All in all, this is a great product.” —Drema
Get it from Amazon for $24.99 (available in two colors).
16. E.l.f. Camo liquid blush — if you’ve fallen under the spell of Saie’s Dew blushes or Rare Beauty’s liquid blushes with their magical doe-foot applicators, then you’re in for a treat. This budget-friendly option has enchanted reviewers with how blendable it is and the perfect pop of pigment it provides. It’s like E.l.f. bottled up a little fairy dust and delivered it right to our makeup bags.
Amazon
Promising review: “Imagine sweeping on a blush that feels like a little whisper of color, just enough to give your cheeks that perfect, healthy glow. That’s what you get with the E.l.f. blush. The formula is silky smooth, blends like a dream, and it sits on your skin so naturally, it’s like a second skin. Whether you’re going for a natural daytime look or amping it up for a night out, this blush has got your back. It’s like a little magic in a compact, and it won’t break the bank either. Plus, it’s kind to our furry friends! Honestly, it’s a total game-changer in your makeup routine! 🌟” —Jessica
Get it from Amazon for $7 (available in nine shades).
17. A bottle of Folex spot remover because life happens, and this water-based cleaning spray can get out just about any mess. Think: ink, grease, dirt, pet stains, food, coffee, blood, or even *old* stains you’ve been pushing off for weeks (or years) now.
Promising review: “I’ve been using this spot/stain remover for about 10 years now. It really is magic. I’ve removed numerous stains and spots with it over the years and have only come across two stains that it would not remove. Unfortunately, I don’t know what the stains were caused by, so can’t pass that along. I’ve used it on both carpet and upholstery, and it has never changed the color of either. I would definitely test it on an inconspicuous area first, though, as the directions state. And it’s so easy to use: Spray some on the stain, agitate it with your fingertips, then blot dry with a cloth or paper towel. You may have to let it sit on tougher stains for a few minutes before agitating and blotting, but I only had to do that once or twice. Definitely recommend.” —Alex
Get it from Amazon for $6.65 (also available in larger sizes and packs).
18. A bottle of nail and cuticle care oil to moisturize and help repair raw, damaged cuticles and peeling nails. If you ever wanted to get that salon finish without having to go to the salon, this is like having a personal manicurist in the comfort of your home.
19. A set of Lilac St. false lash segments, aka your secret to a captivating eye look that can last up to 10 days. All you do is gently brush the mascara-like glue onto the underside of your natural lashes and attach the segments wherever you want to add that extra pop of length and volume. And this little bit of lash sorcery won’t break the bank, either.
BuzzFeed Shopping editor Maitland Quitmeyer says, “I’ve worn these lashes, and tbh I’m never going back to strip lashes again! These look much more natural, are easy to apply, and don’t budge until removed!”
Lilac St. is woman- and AAPI-owned BTW!
Promising review: “At-home lash magic! I’ve been wearing this brand for a year now, I don’t know what I did before. They are perfection, I use their extra strength lash glue and I can easily get 10–14 days out of a set. I also use sizes 10mm-16mm for a beautiful natural look and I get so many compliments. OFTEN people think I get professional lash extensions!!! If they ever went out of business I’d be so lost without them!! Just do it already treat yourself. PS — Give yourself so time to adjust to this method before deciding if you like it. Watch some videos to figure out how to put them on. It’s worth it I promise.” —Stephanie R.
Get the original lashes from Amazon for $12.95 (available in lengths from 10mm–16mm), and get the lash glue for $16 (available in black and clear). You can also get a starter kit (including 10mm and 12mm lashes, glue, and applicator) for $38.
20. A miraculous enzyme-based laundry stain remover that banishes those pesky dried sweat, oil stains, and deodorant marks in just one wash, saving your beloved clothes from looking like they’ve seen better days.
Promising review: “Spray your stains and wash. That’s it! I love that it is made in the USA, and I love that it is mostly a plant-based cleaner. No harsh chemicals! Highly recommend! This is a dog jacket [pictured above] that I had on my newborn lamb in freezing temperatures for a month — before and after! What a difference!!” —Michelle B.
Get it from Amazon for $12.99+ (available in two sizes).
21. A cruelty-free extreme hold eyebrow gel if Cara Delevingne has been on your Pinterest inspo board since high school. With just a few swipes, this magic wand will give your brows that extra *oomph* and hold them in place for 16 hours with no flakiness or icky white residue!
Promising review: “I would use hairspray to hold my eyebrows and throughout the day I would sweat through it and it wouldn’t last. I tried this because the price was great and I’m gladI did. This product is awesome. I’ve had it on my brows for a nine-hour shift and they are still in place! It doesn’t dry and get flakey, nor does it feel uncomfortable on the skin. Lastly, I use brow powder and this does NOT affect the look of the powder nor does it smudge it. I will FOREVER buy this product.” —Shelby
Get it from Amazon for $9.97 (available in five shades).
22. An exfoliating scrub mitt that’ll have you thinking you’re a snake shedding skin. This mitt is made out of a fiber that’s rough enough to visibly lift dead skin away but also buffs and smoothes, leaving your skin velvety soft. Reviewers also use this mitt to remove spray tan!
23. A set of packing cubes letting you expertly compress your belongings to make room in your suitcase for all of your fabulous essentials. You’d be surprised at the amount of stuff you can cram into these.
This set comes with four cubes in different sizes (small, medium, large, and extra large), plus a roomy shoe bag, a laundry bag for dirty clothes, an accessories pouch, and a hanging cosmetic organizer.
Promising review: “I am a ‘pack two weeks with a carry-on’ kind of girl, and these are better than any other cubes I’ve bought (I have three other sets of a different brand). Currently packing for our first family trip with an 8 month old and it’s making packing easy. Half way through packing I ordered another set for my husband. These cubes are big guy friendly too! Trust me you want to buy it NOW!” —Blessed
Get an eight-piece set from Amazon for $19.99+ (available in 15 colors).
24. A game-changing Dawn Platinum Powerwash dish spray that’ll keep you from scrubbing away at pots and pans for hours. Just give your dishes a couple of good spritzes, let them sit for a few minutes, and watch as that burnt-on food easily wipes away.
Check out a TikTok of the Dawn Powerwash Spray to see it in action!
BuzzFeed Shopping editor Elizabeth Lilly says, “I live in an apartment without a dishwasher, and I honestly use that as an excuse to order takeout food instead of cooking. But, as soon as I got my hands on a bottle of this stuff (regular Dawn is my go-to dish soap, BTW), I put it to use on both a saucepan I used to make homemade enchilada sauce *and* the casserole dish I baked those enchiladas, which had a ton of caked-on food. It really does work like I say it does! Like, scary well.”
Get the starter pack from Amazon for $16.19.
25. A mold and mildew removal gel reviewers who “tried everything” else say actually worked. This gel is designed to stick to those stubborn stains, allowing it to work its magic while you catch up on some z’s. By the time you wake up in the morning, those pesky stains will be gone! It’s like having a personal cleaning fairy.
Jenae Sitzes / BuzzFeed
BuzzFeed Shopping editor Jenae Sitzes says, “I put this to the test on a gross, mold-stained corner of my own tub — I’ve scrubbed and scrubbed that area previously, and simply couldn’t get the stains out until I used this stuff. As you can see above, I put on gloves (which is recommended on the packaging) and simply applied a thin strip to the area with black spots, then let it sit for six hours. After that point, all you do is rinse and check out the results! I didn’t need to do a second application, but if you’re dealing with some particularly tough stains, you can reapply as needed.”
Promising review: “I thought my shower was a lost cause and would need to be complete redone because of all the stains. I was skeptical about this product but figured I’d give it a shot. I applied it over all the stains and left it to sit overnight — about 8 hours. In the morning I rinsed it off, and like magic all the stains were gone! I wish I would have tried this years ago!” —Shelley Bruner
Get it from Amazon for $14.99.
26. A magnificent stone-effect spray paint so you can transform your (how should I put this nicely) extremely vintage-looking ’80s bathroom vanity to a fresh new modern one with just a few cans of paint and some basic tools.
Promising review: “For a fraction of the cost and the amazing results, I would recommend this. It was a quick fix to our ugly, really ugly laminate (boring) bathroom countertop. I would recommend buying double (whatever you think you might need) for coverage. Our at least 40-year-old, handmade, bathroom counter was approximately 3′ by 6′. So we purchased five cans. I wanted one extra because I taped around the faucet too loosely for touch-ups. We used all five cans. If you live in a high humidity area, like us, give it plenty of time to cure. It took three days for second coats, then I added a third coat, so add on two more days and a fourth to give it that extra oomph. We are selling our home, so plan carefully, depending on your climate, it might take longer than you think.” —Ama Zon Customer
Get it from Amazon for $16.96+ (available in six colors).
27. Sunny & Honey Carpet Miracle cleaner here to rescue you from those carpet stains you were convinced wouldn’t budge, from that red wine stain on your rug to the trail of muddy paw prints by your dog’s bed — even that dark spot from high traffic near the front door.
This carpet cleaner is from a family-run small business that specializes in cleaning products, especially ones for homes with pets!
Promising review: “I cannot believe how incredible this carpet cleaner is!! I have four dogs, five kids, and a large home with very light carpet. This carpet cleaner literally is magic. It has gotten out red wine, coffee, raspberry stain on white carpet, old urine stains that were found WAY after the fact, and the list goes on and on. I use it in a spray bottle as a pretreatment before shampooing, and most often the stain is completely gone before I even shampoo it. When I say ‘gone’…I mean GONE! And that’s with no scrubbing. It disappears like magic! To say that I’d buy it again is such an understatement. I can’t be without it!!” —Angela Raab
Get it from Amazon for $18.99+ (available in two sizes and three scents).
28. A storage lid organizer so you can say goodbye to the jumbled mess of lids cluttering up your kitchen drawer and actually be able to find a matching top for once. I’ll trade you two magic beans for this kitchen sorcery.
YouCopia was founded in 2009 by Lauren Greenwood and her inventor-of-a-father Mark Greenwood. What started as a single spice storage solution has grown into a thriving small businesses with a whole line of tools to make cabinet and drawer organization a breeze.
Promising review: “This product does exactly what it’s supposed to and does it well. In under 15 minutes I took my nightmare lid drawer and turned it into a functional, convenient storage space. The dividers were simple to install and provided flexibility. Slowly but surely I am getting my tiny, chaotic kitchen under control, and this got me a huge leap closer.” —S. Hawthorn
Get it from Amazon for $16.99+ (available in four styles and multipacks).
29. A keloid remover in case you just got a new cartilage piercing but don’t remember signing up for the little bump that keeps growing in size. This stuff helps heal and reduce that unwanted guest before it gets any bigger so you can refocus on your new bling.
Note: This product is not an overnight miracle. Apply this 2–3 times a day, be patient, and you’ll start to see the results.
Talk to your doctor before attempting to treat your keloid on your own, and learn more about keloids from Cleveland Clinic.
Promising review: “This product is amazing! Truly a miracle product. I had an AWFUL keloid forming near my nose piercing about six weeks after getting it done and it was getting bigger and more irritated by the day, nothing was helping. I bought this and started using it and in less than two weeks my huge keloid was completely gone! I was definitely skeptical and a little nervous when it didn’t seem to be getting noticeably smaller after a week but then the second week, it started totally disappearing so give it some time to work if your bump is on the larger side. If you remain patient and apply it twice a day, it should do the trick!” —Jordan Caprigno
Get it from Amazon for $12.85.
30. A set of bed bands so you can rest peacefully knowing your sheets are snuggly fitted and won’t become loose, wrinkly, or undone in the middle of the night. And in the morning, making your bed will be a *much* faster process. It’s a small victory that’ll boost your mood and get you ready to tackle the day!
Promising review: “I have a pillow-top and pillow-bottom queen-sized bed that is a little too small for king sheets and with queen sheets I have battled to keep the sheets from popping off. I have tried everything! I was about to try to customize some king sheets because it was so frustrating. Then I saw this product advertised on Facebook in one of those posts about the amazing products that people love. So I figured it was worth a try. It works. I was shocked. My sheets have not popped off once. I ordered this in February and it is May now — and they have not popped off once! They used to pop off EVERY…SINGLE…NIGHT. To say this is life changing is not an exaggeration. Such a relief to be able to sleep through the night without ending up in rumpled sheets.” —TinkerbellAPixie
Get a set of four from Amazon for $13.99 (available in three colors and two sizes).
Reviews have been edited for length and/or clarity.
